Logo
description
Pancreatic beta cells are specialised endocrine cells that continuously sense the levels of blood sugar and other fuels and, in response, secrete insulin to maintain normal fuel homeostasis. Glucose-induced insulin secretion and its potentiation constitute the principal mechanism of insulin release. Glucose is transported by the glucose transporter (GLUT) into the pancreatic beta-cell. Metabolism of glucose generates ATP, which inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels and causes voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx. Elevation of [Ca2+]i triggers exocytotic release of insulin granules. Insulin secretion is further regulated by several hormones and neurotransmitters. Peptide hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), increase cAMP levels and thereby potentiate insulin secretion via the combined action of PKA and Epac2. Achetylcholine (ACh), a major parasympathetic neurotransmitter, binds to Gq-coupled receptors and activates phospholipase C- (PLC-), and the stimulatory effects involve activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which stimulates exocytosis. In addition, ACh mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ by activation of IP3 receptors

external resources
NCBI:777534
KEGG:hsa04911
PUBMED:9715374
PUBMED:10605628
PUBMED:9914469
PUBMED:17306374
PUBMED:20055708
PUBMED:15655710
PUBMED:19817784
PUBMED:19074620
PUBMED:14693691
PUBMED:17084085
PUBMED:20551594
PUBMED:19036624
PUBMED:22970724
PUBMED:20225132
PUBMED:19817800
PUBMED:22974438
PUBMED:21934040
PUBMED:15271645
PUBMED:19660440
PUBMED:11522660

genes
ADCY1 , ADCY2 , ADCY3 , ADCY5 , ADCY6 , ADCY7 , ADCY8 , ADCY9 , ADCYAP1 , ADCYAP1R1 , ATF4 , ATP1A1 , ATP1A2 , ATP1A3 , ATP1A4 , ATP1B1 , ATP1B2 , ATP1B3 , FXYD2 , CACNA1C , CACNA1D , CACNA1F , CACNA1S , CAMK2A , CAMK2B , CAMK2D , CAMK2G , CCKAR , CHRM3 , CREB1 , ATF2 , ATF6B , GCG , GCK , GIP , GLP1R , GNA11 , GNAQ , GNAS , FFAR1 , INS , PDX1 , ITPR3 , KCNJ11 , KCNMA1 , KCNMB1 , KCNN1 , KCNN2 , KCNN3 , KCNN4 , PLCB2 , PLCB3 , PLCB4 , PRKACA , PRKACB , PRKACG , PRKCA , PRKCB , PRKCG , RAB3A , RYR2 , SLC2A1 , SLC2A2 , SNAP25 , STX1A , ABCC8 , VAMP2 , CREB5 , RIMS2 , KCNMB2 , CREB3 , RAPGEF4 , PLCB1 , ATP1B4 , KCNMB3 , KCNMB4 , PCLO , TRPM4 , CREB3L2 , CREB3L3 , CREB3L1 , GPR119 , CREB3L4 , KCNU1 , ADCY4 ,